Glossary of Doctorate Degree Programs > Medical and Health Professions > Doctor of Naturopathy:
Degree Overview
Doctor of Naturopathy: Degree Overview
A Doctorate of Naturopathy believes in holism, and treating the root cause of an illness. A Doctor of Naturopathy program prepares students to use symptoms as a way to discover an underlying problem that may be fixed through a more comprehensive treatment. Students who complete this program may be able to work in several different fields of natural medicine, including acupuncture, herbology, or homeopathy. Read the following article to find out more.
When a doctor encounters a patient with a stomachache, the conventional course of medicine would be to prescribe a pain reliever or an antacid, or maybe look into the possibility of an ulcer. However, a naturopathic doctor might look at the reasons behind the stomachache, and prescribe a nutritional plan, sleep schedule, or exercise program that will help the stomachaches go away for good. Naturopathic medicine favors the healing power of nature over the healing power of conventional medicine. If you are a student who is interested in the naturopathic methods of healing, you may consider a Doctor of Naturopathy degree.
Naturopathic medicine is practiced and regulated like other forms of medicine. There are currently two states that prohibit Naturopathic practice, as not all naturopathic techniques have scientific support. While enrolled in a Doctor of Naturopathy program, students will use physiological, psychological and mechanical methods to cure patients; a dissertation paper might provide an intense focus on the use of hydrotherapy, food and herb therapy, psychotherapy, electrotherapy, minor surgery, or other naturopathic corrections.
If you are interested in a Doctor of Naturopathy program, there are four schools in the United States that offer accredited programs in the subject. Most of these programs take between eight and nine years to complete. It is important to keep in mind that naturopathic medicine doesn't ignore traditional medicine; in fact, the two work together.
Curriculum Overview
As a student in a Doctor of Naturopathy program, you may study:
Bodyworks
Botanical Medicine
Cardiology
Endocrinology
Exercise Therapeutics
Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Geriatrics
Homeopathy
Hydrotherapy
Jurisprudence and Medical Ethics
Medical Histology
Meridians and Points
Microbiology and Public Health
Minor Surgery
Musculoskeletal Anatomy
Naturopathic Manipulative Therapy
Nutrition
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Pathophysiology
Pediatrics
Pharmacology
Philosophy of Naturopathic Medicine
Physical Diagnosis
Physiotherapy Modalities
Psychological Assessment
Regional Anatomy
Career Related Information
Once you are certified as a Doctor of Naturopathy, there are many careers open to you, including some that pay extremely well. According to iSeek.org, www.iseek.org, you may choose to branch into positions such as: alternative health care practitioner, chiropractor, family and general practitioner, massage therapist, or an internist.
For those interested in becoming a doctor within the natural health field, the employment outlook is good, as more and more people turn to natural health remedies to heal sickness. Opportunities are projected to grow faster than average through. However, job prospects should be good in any medical field, as the number of ill people grows with the population.
Related articles to Doctor of Naturopathy: Degree Overview
Naturopathy Adult Education: An Overview
Naturopathy is a medical specialty in which the practitioner tries to get the patient's own body to heal itself. If you are interested in the medical field, but would like to use more 'natural' forms of treatment, you may wish to enroll in a naturopathy education program at an accredited college or university.
Natural Healing Practitioner: Information About a Career in Natural Medicine and Natural Remedies
If you want to begin a career as a Natural Healing Practitioner, you'll need at least a high school diploma; the level of additional training you'll need will depend on the specialty you select within Natural Medicine. Experience as a nurse's aide or in health care will help prepare you for a career in Natural Medicine. Keep reading for more information about how to start your career as a Natural Healing Practitioner.
Fight Aging. Find your Blood Type
You Can Change the Way You Age
This hopeful proclamation opens Dr. D’Adamo’s new book Aging: Fight it with the Blood Type Diet. Have you become resigned to a decline in mental clarity, as if it were a natural consequence of aging? How about memory lapses, or those mid-afternoon energetic lulls and mental fogginess? The message in Dr. D’Adamo’s Aging is that these assumptions about aging and mental decline do not have to be true for you.
New scientific understanding of the brain and its pathways has uncovered many of the causes of premature aging and brain deterioration. Armed with this knowledge and the Blood Type Diet, you have powerful partners in preventing brain decline and the loss of vitality often associated with advancing years.
Four Keys to Fighting Aging
1. Feed Your Brain
The Blood Type Diet recognizes the variations in the ways individuals digest, metabolize, and utilize nutrients and efficiently eliminate wastes. Incorporate sufficient amounts of key nutrients that promote brain health. Each of the Blood Type Diets includes plenty of antioxidant-rich foods that guard against free radical damage. The B vitamins are also crucial to nervous system function. Essential fatty acids found in fish oils provide fuel for brain metabolism and control inflammation involved in degenerative brain disorders.
Key Anti-Aging Foods Right 4 Your Type
Blood Type O
Lean, organic, grass fed beef; richly oiled cold-water fish (halibut, cod).
Flax oil; Olive Oil
Walnuts
Seaweeds, Greens (spinach, collards, kale).
Berries (blueberry, elderberry, cherry); Plums (fresh or dried- sulfite free)
Garlic, Turmeric
Green Tea
Blood Type A
Walnuts
Richly oiled cold water fish (sardines, salmon)
Berries (blueberry, cherry, elderberry)
Flax oil; Olive Oil
Dark Leafy Greens (spinach, kale, swiss chard)
Soy based foods
Onion, Ginger, Garlic, Turmeric
Green Tea
Blood Type B
Lean, organic, grass fed meat (especially lamb or mutton); richly oiled cold water fish (halibut, sardines).
Cultured dairy (kefir, yogurt)
Olive oil
Maitake/shiitake mushrooms, Beets, Greens (collard, kale)
Berries (cranberry, elderberry); Watermelon
Ginseng Tea, Green Tea
Blood Type AB
Soy beans and soy based products
Richly oiled cold water fish (salmon, sardines)
Cultured dairy (kefir, yogurt)
Olive oil
Greens (collard, kale, mustard); Maitake mushroom; Broccoli
Berries (cherry, cranberry, gooseberry, loganberry); Watermelon
Garlic, Turmeric
Green Tea
2. Exercise to Reduce Stress and Build Brain Power
Studies clearly show that physical exercise significantly enhances the immune system’s natural killer (NK) cell numbers and protective activities. Exercise also seems to be the great modulator against declines in NK activity with aging. The best exercise depends on your blood type. Your goal? To reduce the overall load on your system, not to exhaust it.
Anti-Aging Exercise Guidelines
Blood Type O
Vigorous exercise such as
running and aerobics
Blood Type A
Calming exercise such as
Yoga, Tai Chi
Blood Type B
Choose sports that have mental
and physical components such as Tennis, Golf or Martial Arts.
Blood Type AB
Choose sports that have mental and physical components such as Tennis, Golf or Martial Arts.
3. Cleanse Your System
By balancing the intestinal flora it is possible to restore gastrointestinal health and reduce the inflammatory responses of the system. Friendly intestinal bacteria protect your cells, improve immune function, and have a positive effect on your ability to fully utilize the nutrients in the foods you eat. It is even more beneficial if you consume friendly bacteria specific to your blood type, since bacteria show favoritism for the sugars of one blood type over another.
4. Use Supplementation According to Your Blood Type
With these specific recommendations, in his book, Aging, Dr. D’Adamo considers five areas of nutritional focus: Mitochondrial function and repair, healthy brain cell activity, natural antioxidants, vascular health, and nervous system balance. For complete diet and supplementation lists for your type, refer to Dr. D’Adamo’s book, Aging: Fight it With The Blood Type Diet.
Healthy Aging Supplementation Right 4 Your Type
Blood Type O
Russian Rhodiola (Found inCatechol, PolyVITE O)
Thiamine hydrochloride(Found in Cortiguard, PolyVITE O)
400mg Folic Acid (PolyVITE Oor Exakta Multi-Nutrient)
DMAE
Amla/Indian gooseberry
Blood Type A
Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) Improves memory (Found inCortiguard, PolyVITE A)
OPCs (oligomeric proanthrocyandins) (Found inProBerry Liquid and Caps)
Methylcobalamin (active B12) (Methyl 12 Plus, PolyVITE A)
Spreading Hogweed (boerhaavia diffusa) (Cortiguard)
DHA
Blood Type B
Ginko (ginko biloba) (Found in:Attentia)
Gokharu/Caltrop – Tribulus terrestris – fruit extract: 20% furanosterols
Creatine monohydrate
Blood Type AB
Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) Improves memory (Cortiguard)
Siberian Ginseng (Cortiguard,Attentia)
OPCs (oligomeric proanthrocyandins) (Proberry liquid and caps)
See also:
The Nitric Oxide Advantage
Slowing Mitochodrial Damage with the Alpha Supplements
Blood Type Anti-Aging Profiles
Here are some additional tips from Dr. D’Adamo’s book, Aging: Fight It with the Blood Type Diet.
Blood Type O Anti-Aging Profile
As long as you follow the Blood Type Diet and a regular exercise program, Type O is less vulnerable to most common breakdowns that occur with aging.
You have fewer risk factors for diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and cancer.
Your greatest vulnerabilities involve inflammatory disease, metabolic syndrome, and poor thyroid regulation—most of which can be mediated by diet.
Your optimal diet is a high-protein, low-fat diet with limited grains and lots of fruits and vegetables.
Blood Type A Anti-Aging Profile
Type A is most vulnerable to a range of conditions triggered by depleted immune function and vulnerability to free radical damage, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and strokes.
When you are not eating and living right for your type, you have a tendancy to produce high levels of the stress hormone cortisol, which can place extra strain on your heart and contribute to brain decline.
Your optimal diet is vegetarian with limited amounts of fish and fowl and greater amounts of healthy grains, beans, vegetables, and fruits. You should avoid red meat altogether and eat plenty of soy foods.
Blood Type B Anti-Aging Profile
Type B has a generally good prognosis for healthy aging, as long as you follow diet and exercise guidelines. Your optimal diet includes a balanced mix of meat, fish, dairy, fruits, and vegetatables, with limited amounts of grains and beans. You should avoid chicken, corn, and wheat altogether, and you usually don’t do well with soy foods.
Your greatest vulnerabilities at midlife are a tendency for slow-growing viral conditions, urinary tract infections, and insulin resistance—conditions usually mediated by diet.
Blood Type AB Anti-Aging Profile
Type AB must negotiate your diet carefully, as you have aspects of both A and B blood. Like Type A, you have a higher risk for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and blood clots. Low levels of intestinal phosphatase affect your bone health.
Type AB has the highest incidence of osteoporosis of all the blood types.
Your optimal diet involves utilizing the best of A and B. That means a healthy mix of fish, soy, some meat and dairy, fruits and vegetables, and specific grains. Like Type B, you should avoid chicken and corn.
The Nitric Oxide Advantage
Nitric oxide, the combination of nitrogen and oxygen, has been shown to influence many of our most basic health processes, even including the speed and ease by which we learn. In our bodies, nitric oxide functions as a signaling molecule. For example it can tell the body to make blood vessels relax and widen. Areas that are known to be influenced by nitric oxide include learning, blood pressure, heart and arteries, immunity and the nervous system. (Found inNitricycle)
Slowing Mitochondrial Damage with the Alpha Supplements
Studies on patients with dementia have shown that Alpha-Lipoic Acid can have tremendous effects in stabilizing cognitive function. Acetyl L-carnitine, in conjunction with Alpha-lipoic acid, reverses mitochondrial structural decay in the hippocampus region of the bran. It is needed to move fats into your mitochondria (the energy packet within the cell) where they can be used as a source of energy. There is evidence that L-Carnitine also reduces insulin resistance. It lowers oxidative damage, improves mitochondrial function and helps to restore performance on memory related tasks.
Health Benefits of Sprouted Foods and Green Drinks
Health Benefits from Green Drinks
Harmonia Deluxe provides an all-natural alternative to processed foods. Ingredients include a wide variety of sprouted seeds and grasses with nutritional integrity and enzymatic activity. The mix also contains antioxidant rich foods such as elderberry, cherry and blueberry, plus phytonutrients such as ginseng and ginger. Green drinks are a simple way to get more live greens into the diet when it may be otherwise impractical to do so. Green drinks are rich in antioxidants (compounds that protect cells from a number of toxic elements), chlorophyll, vitamins, minerals, enzymes and protein.
Chlorella
The term "green" substances refer to a category of products defined as containing high levels of chlorophyll, which gives them their color. The best "super green" sources are either marine algae or cereal grasses. Chlorella is fresh water, single-celled algae. It is rich in protein (57- 60%), carotenoids, chlorophyll, RNA-DNA, minerals, B vitamins (huge amounts of vitamin B-12) and vitamin E. Chlorella has abundant amounts of vitamin K, important in blood clotting and is rich in Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs). It has been estimated that up to 20% of the EFAs found in Chlorella are of the Omega-3 variety. As with Spirulina, Chlorella is an abundant source of enzymes and antioxidants. Unlike Spirulina, the blue pigment phycocyanin is not present.
Chlorella has strong effects on the immune system and related processing of toxic elements. Chlorella binds well with heavy metals, pesticides and other carcinogens and facilitates their removal from the body.
Kelps and Berries
Kelp is a brown algae rich in minerals especially iodine. It also provides high levels of B vitamins, vitamins E and K and Fucoidan, a polysaccharide. Kelp traditionally has been used to treat hair loss, problems with skin, nails, sensory nerves and brain tissue. It may also act as a laxative. As a rich source of iodine it helps support thyroid function.
The blueberry has many phytochemicals, or disease preventing substances. One of the phytochemicals is anthocyanin, the compound that gives blueberries their pigment. As evidenced by their deep blue color, blueberries have high levels of anthocyanins. In addition to functioning as very effective antioxidants, researchers suggest that anthocyanins also help to prevent urinary tract infections.
Scientists have found that the same chemicals that give tart cherries their color may relieve pain better than aspirin and ibuprofen. Cherries also may provide antioxidant protection comparable to commercially available supplements like vitamin E and vitamin C. The report appeared in the February edition of Journal of Natural Products published by the American Chemical Society.
Chlorophyll
It is important to note that a significant portion of the value of "green foods" is determined by its chlorophyll content. It is believed that chlorophyll, which is responsible for the green pigments in greens, is remarkably similar to hemoglobin found in human blood cells.
Other researchers point to the fact that chlorophyll rich plants are abundant sources of naturally occurring vitamin K. The fat soluble chlorophyll found in green supplements is the ideal way to obtain vitamin K, important in blood clotting, the treatment of osteoporosis, and a protective agent against toxins while undergoing chemotherapy. It is therefore vital that chlorophyll is consumed as part of "green foods" and not in its isolated water soluble form found on many store shelves. Chlorophyll is also a traditional treatment for constipation.
In general, "green foods" provide:
A substance to actually stimulate repair of the DNA molecule
A protein with anti-inflammatory qualities
Substances that resulted in an anti-ulcer effect
Super oxide dismutase (SOD), an extremely powerful "anti-aging" antioxidant, an anti-inflammatory enzyme and cancer preventive enzyme
A powerful antioxidant, 2"-0-GlV, more effective than vitamin E
Substances which help to inhibit platelet coaggulation
Substances which protect the blood vessels from damage
A natural way to degrade a variety of pesticides
Health Benefits from Sprouted Foods
"Eat your greens" is a common wisdom, but now new studies show why sprouts made from broccoli, cabbage, brussel sprouts, soy, kale and similar vegetables are rich in compounds that prevent cancer and other chronic diseases. The nutritional content of sprouts is many times greater than the original food value of the seeds and beans from which they sprout. As a seed sprouts, it produces large amounts of extra vitamins, anti-oxidants and enzymes. For example, A 1997 Johns Hopkins study discovered that broccoli sprouts contain a concentration of glucoraphanin that is up to 50 times greater than mature broccoli, whereas the Vitamin C content of a seed can increase 200 times in its sprout.
Growing sprouts can be a time-consuming operation, particularly growing all of the different kinds of sprouts contained in each Live Cell (Live Cell O, Live Cell A, Live Cell B, Live Cell AB). Seeds have to be watered and completely drained preferably twice a day, kept out of sunlight, and great care has to be given to keeping harmful bacteria/mold from contaminating the growing sprouts. Live Cell takes the work out of this process by providing an appropriate array of "beneficial" sprouts for each ABO blood type in a capsule form. These live sprouts are actually freeze-dried at the height of their growth, a process that preserves all of their nutritional value. In a busy world where even health conscious people often don"t have or don"t take the time to consume adequate amounts of vegetables much less sprouts, Live Cell offers a convenient way to do so.
According to an article in Good Sprout News (20 July 2003), scientists have been studying sprouts for centuries to better understand their high levels of disease-preventing phytochemicals and how they contribute to better health, from prevention to treatment of life-threatening diseases. The benefits of sprouts have been reinforced by ongoing studies that explore various sprout varieties for their nutritional properties and to validate health claims. These ongoing studies are being done by major organizations, which include the National Institutes of Health, American Cancer Society, and Johns Hopkins University.
Sulforaphanes and Glucosinolates
According to the American Cancer Society News, "...broccoli sprouts are better for you than the full-grown broccoli, and contain more of the enzyme sulforaphane which helps protect cells and prevents their genes from turning into cancer." These findings are consistent with several epidemiological studies that have shown that sprouts contain significant amounts of vitamins A, C, and D. Sprouts are widely recognized by nutrition conscious consumers and health care professionals as a "wonder food."
Live Cell contains cruciferous and non-cruciferous sprouts (cruciferous relates to plants that have flowers with four petals in the shape of a cross and long narrow seed pods. For example, crucifers include cabbages, turnips, broccoli, and wallflowers). Cruciferous sprouts are a rich source of active sulforaphanes, glucosinolates and antioxidants. These enzymes act as a defense mechanism, triggering broad spectrum antioxidant activity that neutralizes many free-radicals, cycling over and over again before they can cause the cell damage that may cause mutations. Furthermore, these indirect antioxidants are amazingly long-lasting. Unlike direct antioxidants, which neutralize only one molecule of a radical at a time, and are destroyed in the process, indirect antioxidants trigger an ongoing process that may last for days.
Visual Health
Studies show that even low concentrations of sprout antioxidants can protect human retinal (eye) cells against a variety of severe oxidative challenges. As humans age, the defense of their cells are known to decline. In the retina, this can lead to macular degeneration, the principal cause of deterioration of vision among the aged.
Hypertension
In a series of experiments in 2001 done at the University of Saskatchewan, rats with high blood pressure (hypertension) that were treated with sulforaphane showed a significant reduction in the tendency to develop artery-narrowing plaques. These researchers demonstrated that sulforaphane retards oxidative damage leading to arterial occlusion, a potentially significant breakthrough in proactive therapies against blocking of arteries. Sulforaphane may, therefore, interrupt the progression of plaque development to strokes.
Anticarcinogenic
Studies have shown that human prostrate cancer cells respond well to sprout antioxidants in the form of broccoli sprout extracts by showing dramatic increases in their protective Phase 2 enzymes. In his article, Dr. James D. Brooks of the Urology Department at Stanford University suggests, "Intervention trials may be warranted [in humans], and broccoli sprouts, a rich source of sulforaphane, may be appropriate for use in such a trial."
Glucosinolate results as a part of the naturally occurring breakdown/degradation of sprouts. These breakdown products are called GDPs (glucosinolate breakdown products), and they have been shown to be effective in terms of a decreased risk of cancer in the lung, stomach, colon, and rectum, according to the Institute of Food Research.
Maximum Benefits
Taking Live Cell with Polyflora on an empty stomach and a full glass of water increases its efficacy.
First, in order for the Live Cell to be optimally utilized, it has to be hydrolysed by the colon microflora to GDPs (see above) which are then partly absorbed in the large intestine. For something to be hydrolysed, hydrolysis must occur. Hydrolysis by definition means "reaction with water": a chemical reaction in which a compound reacts with water, causing decomposition and the production of two or more other compounds, as for example the conversion of starch to glucose, hence the full glass of water.
Second, in order for the body to absorb nutrients optimally, the colon microflora must be balanced. Polyflora as a probiotic provides that balance.
Third, the empty stomach prevents anything else from interacting with or disrupting this process. So the synergy of using Live Cell, Polyflora, and a full glass of water on an empty stomach gives a total beneficial effect that is greater than the sum of the parts, thus maximizing the benefit.
Green Drink References
Badamchian, M.; Naylor, P.H.; Spangelo, B.; Strickler, M.P.; Stone, M.J.; Hagiwara, Y.; Hagiwara, H.; and Goldstein, A.L. 1991. "Immune-endocrine Activities of Green Barley Leaf Extract (BLE): Regulation of Prolactin and Interleukin-2 Release in Vitro." FASEB Journal, Vol. 5, No. 4.
Hotta, Y. 1984. "Stimulation of DNA Repair-synthesis by P4-D I, One of the Novel Components of Barley Extracts." Lecture given in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Kitta, K.; Hagiwara, Y.; and Shibamoto, T. 1992. "Antioxidative Activity of an Isoflavonoid, 2"-O-Glycosylisovitexin Isolated From Green Barley Leaves." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 40, No. 10.
Durham, J., Ogata, J., Nakajima, S., Hagiwara, Y., and Shibamoto, T. Degradation of organophosphorus pesticides in aqueous extracts of young green barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L). 1999, J. of the Science of Food and Agriculture.
Kubota, K.; Matsuoka, Y.; and Seki, H. 1983. "Isolation of Potent Anti-Inflammatory Protein From Barley Leaves." The Japanese Journal of Inflammation, Vol. 3, No. 4.
Moussazadeh, M.; Badamchian, M.; Hagiwara, Y.; Hagiwara, H.; and Goldstein, A. "Effect of Green Barley Leaf Extract (BLE) on Human Platelets in Vitro." presentation at the 1992 FASEB (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology), Anaheim, CA.
Nishiyama, T.; Hagiwara, Y.; Hagiwara, H.; and Shibamoto, T. 1993. "Inhibition of Malonaldehyde Formation from Lipids by an Isoflavonoid Isolated From Young Green Barley Leaves." Journal of the American Oil Chemists" Society Vol. 70, No.8.
Nakajima, Y. Hagiwara, H. Hagiwara, and T. Shibamoto. Effect of the Antioxidant 2"-O-Glycosylisovitexin from young green barley leaves on acetaldehyde formation in beer stored at 50 degrees C for 90 days. 1998, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 46 (4), 1529-1531.
Osawa, T.; Katsuzaki, H.; Hagiwara, Y.; Hagiwara, H.; and Shibamoto, T. 1992. "A Novel Antioxidant Isolated From Young Green Barley Leaves." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 40, No. 7. : 1135-1138.
Sprouted Foods References
Fahey JW, Zhang Y, Talalay P.Broccoli sprouts: an exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Sep 16;94(19):10367-72.
Degradation of sinigrin by Lactobacillus agillis strain R 16. Llanos, Smiths, Brink. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 1995 July;26(2):219-229.
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (1997) Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective 1997.
Block G, Patterson B, Subar A. Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr Cancer 1992;12:1-29.
Steinmetz K, Potter J. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. J Am Diet Assoc 1996;96:1027-39.
U.S. Department of Agriculture/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans 1995. Fourth edition.
National Research Council. Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1989.
Havas S, Heimendinger J, Reynolds K, et al. 5-A-Day for Better Health: a new research initiative. J Am Diet Assoc 1994; 94:32-6.
Graham S, Dayal H, Swanson M, Mittelman A, Wilkinson G. Diet in the epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. J Nat Cancer Inst 1978;61(3):709-14.
Kohlmeier L, Su L. Cruciferous vegetable consumption and colorectal cancer risk: meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence. FASEB Journal 1997;11(3):A369.
Beecher CWW. Cancer prevention properties of varieties of Brassica oleracea: a review. Amer J Clin Nutr 1994;59 (suppl):1166S-70S.
Zhang Y, Talalay P, Cho CG, Posner, GH. A major inducer of anticarcinogenic protective enzymes from broccoli: isolation and elucidation of structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 1992;89:2399-2408.
Zhang Y, Kensler T, Cho CG, Posner GH, Talalay P. Anticarcinogenic activities of sulforaphane and structurally related synthetic norbornyl isothiocyanates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1994;91:3147-50.
Chung FL, Conaway CC, Rao CV, Reddy BS. Chemoprevention of colonic aberrant crypt foci in Fischer rats by major isothiocyanates in watercress and broccoli. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 2000;41:660.
Gamet-Payrastre L, Li P, Lumeau S, Cassar G, Dupont MA, Chevolleau S, Gasc N, Tulliez J, Tercé F. Sulforaphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT29 human colon cancer cells. Cancer Research 2000;60:1426-16. "Powerful and prolonged protection of human retinal pigment epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and mouse leukemia cells against oxidative damage: the indirect antioxidant effects of sulforaphane." Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, Vol. 98, pp. 15221-15226, 2001.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.261572998.
"The impaired glutathione system and its up-regulation by sulforaphane in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats." Hypertension, Vol. 19, pp. 1819-1825, 2001.
http://www.jhypertension.com/article.asp?ISSN=0263-6352&VOL=19&ISS=10&PAGE=1819.
"Potent induction of Phase 2 enzymes in human prostate cells by sulforaphane." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, Vol. 10, pp. 949-954. Sept. 2001.
http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/10/9/949.
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